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Bolesław Bierut: a mini-Stalin
Jan Józef Lipski Social activist
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Bolesław Bierut to była dla nas rzeczywiście postać niezwykła, bo wiadomo było, że w każdym kraju musi być jakiś taki odpowiednik Stalina, miniatura Stalina, ktoś, kto jest bliskim współpracownikiem Stalina właśnie tutaj – no i było wiadomo, że jest nim Bierut; ale skądinąd Bolesław Bierut był zarazem człowiekiem, co do którego wmawiano nam przez długi czas, że jest człowiekiem bezpartyjnym, skądinąd była ta konstytucja, na podstawie której on został prezydentem, która wymagała bezpartyjności od prezydenta. No nic prostszego było, jak na pewien czas mu tę partyjność uchylić. Ale to nie zawsze te rzeczy wówczas się wiedziało i w związku z tym nie zawsze się rozumiało co to takiego dziwnego, co to za postać i co to się w ogóle takiego dzieje. Ba, więcej, bezpośrednio po wojnie, kiedy bardzo kokietowano masy katolickie, że ten komunizm to nie jest taki znowu, że tutaj zaraz pożre tych wszystkich katolików, prawda; no to znam to z fotografii w prasie, a kto wie, czy nawet i na kronikach filmowych czegoś takiego nie było, jak Bolesław Bierut prowadzi pod rękę w czasie procesji Bożego Ciała celebransa. No to dla młodego człowieka, no jakim wówczas byłem, no dwudziestoletniego, to wszystko razem było trudne do zrozumienia. Tutaj jeden z przywódców tego... walki komunistycznej, odpowiednik właściwie, no właśnie samego Stalina, taki jego namiestnik i zarazem... no odpowiednik właśnie jego w Polsce i ten, który właśnie w tych uroczystościach kościelnych bierze udział, bezpartyjny, taki sam bezpartyjny jak mój ojciec na przykład – to było niezrozumiałe. Natomiast co do jednej... jedna rzecz była oczywista i łatwo dostrzegalna, że jeżeli szedł wielki pochód, prawda, jakiś Pierwszy Maja czy inne okoliczności, to się skanduje: Sta-lin, Bie-rut, Ro-ko-ssow-ski. Z tego mógł powstać tylko wielki zamęt w głowie.

Natomiast o Bierucie słyszałem nieraz od ludzi, którzy go znali, takie opinie, bym powiedział, do pewnego stopnia nawet nie najgorsze, przede wszystkim jako o człowieku bystrym, z dużym rozsądkiem takim. Nie był to człowiek, zdaje się, jakiejś wielkiej wiedzy czy ogromnego intelektu, ale dużego rozsądku, zdaje się, i wiele różnych rzeczy słyszałem takich, że wówczas, kiedy ci jacyś wariaci wpadali na jakieś pomysły dosyć obłędne, a zarazem takie, które no mogły wielu ludziom przynieść dużo szkody, tak dalej, to Bierut mówił „nie, nie, no tego” i tak zachowywał się rozsądnie, prawda. Rozmawiałem sam z jednym z wybitnych architektów, który mówił o tym, jak niektóre decyzje opierały się o Bieruta, no i Bierut wtedy, słysząc opinię tych zawodowych architektów, mówił: „No to niech tak będzie, jak wy uważacie”, prawda, decydując się tutaj nawet na przekraczanie pewnych tych wówczas pryncypiów realizmu socjalistycznego, byle było, bo coś oni mówili, że będzie taniej, funkcjonalniej, prawda i tak dalej. I ten... w związku z tym ten obraz Bieruta u mnie zawsze był taki wielki mętlik; to znaczy wiedziałem, że to jest postać na pewno nie dla mnie, nie do kochania, prawda, nie do specjalnego szacunku, ale zawsze taka bardzo niejednoznaczna, taka i w dobrym, i w złym. Skądinąd istnieją opinie o tym, że on był tym, który bardzo hamował właśnie sprawy związane z procesem Gomułki i Spychalskiego. Tak czy nie, nie umiem powiedzieć. Jeżeli tak, no to byłaby wielka zasługa w czasach stalinowskich cokolwiek hamować, to nie było proste i łatwe, ale czy on naprawdę to robił? A może to po prostu on realizował koncepcje, które... przychodziły z centrali, z moskiewskiej centrali, że właśnie ten proces nie teraz, że trochę inaczej, w innym wariancie ma się odbyć, no nic nie wiemy po prostu – zasadnicza rzecz, że się nic nie wie. Dla mnie w każdym razie Bierut to pozostał takim panem, który na fotografiach jest zwykle otoczony dziećmi, jak w przedszkolach bierze dziewczynkę na rękę, tu dzieci go otaczają i w kółeczko tańczą dokoła niego. No prawdę mówiąc, obraz Bieruta to dla mnie jest głównie taki, chociaż zdaję sobie sprawę z nonsensu tego obrazu.

We found Bolesław Bierut to be a very unusual character. Everybody knew that in each country there had to be an equivalent of Stalin, a mini-Stalin, somebody who co-operated closely with Stalin, and in this case we knew that this person was Bierut. Nevertheless, for a long time, we were being told that he wasn't affiliated with any party, after all, there had been that constitution on the basis of which he became president which had specified that the president can't be a member of any party. What could be simpler than to just rescind party membership for a short while. But we didn't always know these things at the time and so we didn't always appreciate that this was odd nor who this person was nor what was in fact going on. More than this, straight after the war, when they were trying to win over the large numbers of Catholics by saying this communism isn't so bad that it's going to devour all Catholics, I know this from photos that were published in newspapers and for all anyone knows, perhaps there was footage of this in the newsreels, of Bolesław Bierut supporting the arm of the priest during a Corpus Christi procession. Well, all of this was hard to comprehend if you were young like I was then – I was 20 years old. Here was one of the leaders of the communist battle, the equivalent of Stalin himself, really, his governor and his equivalent really in Poland, taking part in this religious ceremony, not affiliated to any party in the same way as my father, for instance, this was incomprehensible. However, there was one thing that was obvious and easy to see: if there was a big parade, say for May Day or some other occasion, the crowds would be chanting: Sta-lin, Bie-rut, Ro-ko-ssow-ski. This could only lead to massive confusion.

About Bierut himself, I heard on more than one occasion from people who knew him, things that I would go so far as to say weren't the worst. Above all, he was bright, he had a lot of common sense, I don't think he was very knowledgeable nor was he a great intellectual but I think he was very sensible, and I heard many different things about him that when some of the crazier people came up with their mad ideas which could have caused a lot of people a great deal of harm and so on, Bierut said, no, no and behaved in a sensible way. I myself talked with one of the famous architects who said that some decisions depended on Bierut, and that when Bierut heard the opinion of the professional architects, he'd say, ‘Do as you think best’ which meant he was going outside of the principles of socialist realism, which was there just for the sake of it, whereas the architects were saying that a different way would be cheaper, more functional. Because of this, my image of Bierut was always very confused because I knew that he wasn't my kind of person, not someone I could love or have special regard for but he was always very ambiguous in both a good and a bad way. On the other hand, it was said that he was the one who managed to delay the trial of Gomułka and Spychalski. Whether that's true or not I can't say but if it is, it would have been greatly to his credit because delaying anything during the Stalinist period was neither straightforward nor easy, but did he really do it? Perhaps he was simply realising the concepts that were coming from HQ, Moscow HQ, which were saying this isn't the right time for this trial, it needs to be a bit different, it ought to be done in a different way, we simply don't know. That was a basic principle – that no one knew anything. In any case, the image I have of Bierut is of a gentleman who is usually photographed surrounded by children, in a kindergarden holding a little girl in his arms, ringed by little children all dancing around him. If I'm to be honest, that's the image I have of Bierut although I realise how nonsensical it is.

Jan Józef Lipski (1926-1991) was one of Poland's best known political activists. He was also a writer and a literary critic. As a soldier in the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), he fought in the Warsaw Uprising. In 1976, following worker protests, he co-founded the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). His active opposition to Poland's communist authorities led to his arrest and imprisonment on several occasions. In 1987, he re-established and headed the Polish Socialist Party. Two years later, he was elected to the Polish Senate. He died in 1991 while still in office. For his significant work, Lipski was honoured with the Cross of the Valorous (Krzyż Walecznych), posthumously with the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1991) and with the highest Polish decoration, the Order of the White Eagle (2006).

Listeners: Jacek Petrycki Marcel Łoziński

Cinematographer Jacek Petrycki was born in Poznań, Poland in 1948. He has worked extensively in Poland and throughout the world. His credits include, for Agniezka Holland, Provincial Actors (1979), Europe, Europe (1990), Shot in the Heart (2001) and Julie Walking Home (2002), for Krysztof Kieslowski numerous short films including Camera Buff (1980) and No End (1985). Other credits include Journey to the Sun (1998), directed by Jesim Ustaoglu, which won the Golden Camera 300 award at the International Film Camera Festival, Shooters (2000) and The Valley (1999), both directed by Dan Reed, Unforgiving (1993) and Betrayed (1995) by Clive Gordon both of which won the BAFTA for best factual photography. Jacek Petrycki is also a teacher and a filmmaker.

Film director Marcel Łoziński was born in Paris in 1940. He graduated from the Film Directing Department of the National School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź in 1971. In 1994, he was nominated for an American Academy Award and a European Film Academy Award for the documentary, 89 mm from Europe. Since 1995, he has been a member of the American Academy of Motion Picture Art and Science awarding Oscars. He lectured at the FEMIS film school and the School of Polish Culture of Warsaw University. He ran documentary film workshops in Marseilles. Marcel Łoziński currently lectures at Andrzej Wajda’s Master School for Film Directors. He also runs the Dragon Forum, a European documentary film workshop.

Tags: Bolesław Bierut, Joseph Stalin

Duration: 5 minutes, 36 seconds

Date story recorded: October 1989

Date story went live: 10 March 2011