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Views | Duration | ||
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81. Rudolf Rigler: looking at fluctuations | 180 | 02:32 | |
82. Rigler's method of determining the rotation of single molecules | 82 | 02:46 | |
83. Reasons to focus into a small volume element | 87 | 01:46 | |
84. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to observe a single... | 450 | 03:25 | |
85. Using primers to see single particles | 68 | 04:26 | |
86. Using nanotechnology to do evolutionary experiments | 55 | 04:20 | |
87. Viruses | 61 | 03:39 | |
88. Using viruses as models for evolution | 42 | 02:57 | |
89. The evolution of HIV | 48 | 03:28 | |
90. Anti-viral strategies | 38 | 04:49 |
The sequencing... to determine the sequence of letters of building blocks in a nucleic acid is a very important problem nowadays. For instance for the human genome project. Now the difficulty is that you usually have many such molecules. If you degrade them, you have to do that step by step because of the stochasticity of the reaction. One molecule might go faster, the other goes a little slower, so if you want to see the sequence letter by letter by letter you have to do the first letter of all of them, then you have to stop the reaction. Then have to do the second letter, and that takes time. So a sequence velocity nowadays reaches in the best case some one thousand per day or a little more, and you have to... you can easily calculate what you have to do if you want to sequence one human genome. A human genome has three billion such nucleotides, and if you can do only a thousand per day you need three million days... that's impossible. Of course you can use many machines in parallel as people do, and you can use some tricks perhaps to get a little faster, but still with the present technology human genome project is a...
[Q] Very time consuming.
... time consuming, very involved procedure. Now, why not using again nature's technology? Use an enzyme which degrades the nucleic acid from the end, that's called an exonuclease, and pick up the single monomers when they appear in your focus of the... Because we have a method by which we can pick up single molecules and you know you can do that only with single molecules, because of the stochastic events and it would... If you would have ten molecules the first one would appear then, then the second one of the other molecule appears earlier than the other, so there soon would be a mesh of reactions. But with the single molecule they come step by step as they are degraded by the molecule, and now you can calculate. The enzyme does a job in a hundredth of a second, and the day has 105 seconds, a hundred thousand seconds, so the principal limit would be ten million per day, which would mean in a hundred days you can do a human genome.
So we are working on this together with other groups because this is a high-tech problem in nanotechnology to machine those things, and we are working with people who produce these devices in nanotechnology, that's one possible application. But I mentioned it in here because that's where the limit is if you do evolutionary experiments, if you do... You have to come down to the sizes which nowadays are accessible to nanotechnology, you have to use analytical methods which can... that means you have to use fluctuation, correlation methods. But then you really reach a range in which you, well... in which you do molecular...
[Q] Single molecular...
... analysis. Single molecular. And now the consequences is not only biotechnology, you can develop now a molecular diagnostics for medicine... in other words you can really look at single virus particles, you can look at prions and, oh, lots of new words. So that's indeed something we are also very interested in and we do work on.
Nobel Prize winning German biophysical chemist, Manfred Eigen (1927-2019), was best known for his work on fast chemical reactions and his development of ways to accurately measure these reactions down to the nearest billionth of a second. He published over 100 papers with topics ranging from hydrogen bridges of nucleic acids to the storage of information in the central nervous system.
Title: Using nanotechnology to do evolutionary experiments
Listeners: Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitch
Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch is the eldest daughter of the Austrian physicist Klaus Osatitsch, an internationally renowned expert in gas dynamics, and his wife Hedwig Oswatitsch-Klabinus. She was born in the German university town of Göttingen where her father worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Aerodynamics under Ludwig Prandtl. After World War II she was educated in Stockholm, Sweden, where her father was then a research scientist and lecturer at the Royal Institute of Technology.
In 1961 Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch enrolled in Chemistry at the Technical University of Vienna where she received her PhD in 1969 with a dissertation on "Fast complex reactions of alkali ions with biological membrane carriers". The experimental work for her thesis was carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Physical Chemistry in Göttingen under Manfred Eigen.
From 1971 to the present Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch has been working as a research scientist at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen in the Department of Chemical Kinetics which is headed by Manfred Eigen. Her interest was first focused on an application of relaxation techniques to the study of fast biological reactions. Thereafter, she engaged in theoretical studies on molecular evolution and developed game models for representing the underlying chemical proceses. Together with Manfred Eigen she wrote the widely noted book, "Laws of the Game" (Alfred A. Knopf Inc. 1981 and Princeton University Press, 1993). Her more recent studies were concerned with comparative sequence analysis of nucleic acids in order to find out the age of the genetic code and the time course of the early evolution of life. For the last decade she has been successfully establishing industrial applications in the field of evolutionary biotechnology.
Tags: Sequencing, nucleic acid, human genome project, exonuclease, prions
Duration: 4 minutes, 20 seconds
Date story recorded: July 1997
Date story went live: 29 September 2010