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Reaction of workers to student rallies

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Brutal disruption of nationwide rallies by police
Jan Józef Lipski Social activist
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No i doszło do słynnego i stale już ciągle wspominanego wielkiego „pałowania” na dziedzińcu uniwersyteckim. Czy ORMO, czyli Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, czyli tacy ochotnicy w zakładach...w zakładach, w fabrykach, którzy należeli do takiej zorganizowanej właśnie rezerwy milicyjnej, czy oni by wkroczyli w każdym wypadku to trudno powiedzieć, natomiast nie ulega wątpliwości, że oni zostali oficjalnie wezwani na teren uniwersytetu przez władze uniwersyteckie, no i niestety dwie osoby tutaj przeszły do historii Polski w ten sposób. Jeden to jest matematyk, profesor Turski, który był wówczas rektorem, który był człowiekiem dosyć biernym w tym wszystkim, ale niemniej jednak niczemu się nie próbował przeciwstawić i niewątpliwie ponosi jako rektor pewną odpowiedzialność. Drugim był człowiek niewątpliwie aktywniejszy i o ważniejszej pozycji politycznej, czyli profesor Rybicki, prorektor, no i on był tutaj tą stroną, tą osobą najważniejszą z punktu widzenia uniwersytetu i władz uniwersyteckich. Właściwie nikt nie wiedział, co nastąpi dalej w związku z tym wielkim „pałowaniem”. No, demonstracja studencka można by powiedzieć, że była albo udana, albo nieudana, zależy jak to się na to chce patrzeć. To znaczy o tyle udana, że przyszło dostatecznie dużo studentów, by demonstrację potraktować poważnie jako demonstrację. Jak na wielki Uniwersytet Warszawski przyszło zdecydowanie za mało. I w związku z tym można było myśleć, że demonstracja rozproszona sprawę zakończy. A tymczasem stała się rzecz trochę nieoczekiwana, że nie tylko rozpoczęły się bardzo długotrwałe rozruchy w Warszawie połączone z wiecami dużymi, studenckimi, z uchwalaniem rezolucji i tak dalej, ale co więcej ta fala przetoczyła się właściwie przez wszystkie miasta polskie, gdzie były wyższe uczelnie. W jednych miejscach to ostro się toczyło, w innych słabo, ale właściwie nie było chyba miasta, gdzie nic by się w związku z tym nie wydarzyło. I to właściwie była... trwało przez ładnych kilka tygodni, toczyło się po całym kraju. No, a wszelkie demonstracje były rozpraszane, bardzo brutalnie. Wtedy były jeszcze inne metody, wtedy jeszcze nie było tej formacji ZOMO, zwanej ZOMO – Zmotoryzowane Oddziały Milicji Obywatelskiej – nie było tych przypominających średniowiecznych rycerzy tych hełmów i tych tarcz, prawda. Natomiast były ogromne chmary tych ludzi z ORMO.

And so, there was the famous and often-mentioned large scale beatings in the university courtyard. Whether ORMO [Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej] – the Voluntary Reserve Citizens Militia made up of volunteers in different workplaces and who were organised reservists in the militia – would have moved in any way, is hard to say. However, there's no doubt that they were officially summoned to the university by the university authorities, and unfortunately, two people have passed into Polish history because of this. One is the mathematician, Professor Turski, who was the vicechancellor at the time and who was fairly passive in all of this although he made no effort to oppose what was happening and as vicechancellor, he undoubtedly takes responsibility. The second person was definitely more active and had a more politically significant position, namely, Professor Rybicki, the deputy vicechancellor. He was the individual, the person who, from the point of view of the university and the university authorities, was the most important. In fact, no one knew what would happen next as a result of that beating of the students. As for the student demonstration, you could say it was either a success or a failure, depending on how you looked at it. It was a success in that a sufficient number of students turned up to make it into a demonstration that deserved to be taken seriously. But considering how large Warsaw University is, the number of demonstrators was definitely too low. Because of this, you could think that the demonstration, having been dispersed, was the end of the matter. However, something quite unexpected occurred instead. Not only did this initiate long-lasting protest in Warsaw connected to large student rallies, with the ratification of resolutions and so on, but this wave passed through every city in Poland that had a university. In some places, the protests were quite extreme, in others they were less so, but I don't think there was a single city where nothing at all happened in connection with this. This went on for a good few weeks throughout the entire country. Every demonstration was broken up very brutally. At that time, they were using different methods, they didn't yet have the body known as ZOMO [Zmotoryzowane Odwody Milicji Obywatelskiej] – Motorised Reserves of Citizens` Militia – who looked like medieval warriors with those helmets and shields. However, there were swarms of people from ORMO.

Jan Józef Lipski (1926-1991) was one of Poland's best known political activists. He was also a writer and a literary critic. As a soldier in the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), he fought in the Warsaw Uprising. In 1976, following worker protests, he co-founded the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). His active opposition to Poland's communist authorities led to his arrest and imprisonment on several occasions. In 1987, he re-established and headed the Polish Socialist Party. Two years later, he was elected to the Polish Senate. He died in 1991 while still in office. For his significant work, Lipski was honoured with the Cross of the Valorous (Krzyż Walecznych), posthumously with the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1991) and with the highest Polish decoration, the Order of the White Eagle (2006).

Listeners: Marcel Łoziński Jacek Petrycki

Film director Marcel Łoziński was born in Paris in 1940. He graduated from the Film Directing Department of the National School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź in 1971. In 1994, he was nominated for an American Academy Award and a European Film Academy Award for the documentary, 89 mm from Europe. Since 1995, he has been a member of the American Academy of Motion Picture Art and Science awarding Oscars. He lectured at the FEMIS film school and the School of Polish Culture of Warsaw University. He ran documentary film workshops in Marseilles. Marcel Łoziński currently lectures at Andrzej Wajda’s Master School for Film Directors. He also runs the Dragon Forum, a European documentary film workshop.

Cinematographer Jacek Petrycki was born in Poznań, Poland in 1948. He has worked extensively in Poland and throughout the world. His credits include, for Agniezka Holland, Provincial Actors (1979), Europe, Europe (1990), Shot in the Heart (2001) and Julie Walking Home (2002), for Krysztof Kieslowski numerous short films including Camera Buff (1980) and No End (1985). Other credits include Journey to the Sun (1998), directed by Jesim Ustaoglu, which won the Golden Camera 300 award at the International Film Camera Festival, Shooters (2000) and The Valley (1999), both directed by Dan Reed, Unforgiving (1993) and Betrayed (1995) by Clive Gordon both of which won the BAFTA for best factual photography. Jacek Petrycki is also a teacher and a filmmaker.

Tags: ORMO, Voluntary Reserve Citizens Militia, Warsaw University, Poland, Motorized Reserves of Citizens' Militia, Łukasz Turski, Edward Rybicki

Duration: 3 minutes, 27 seconds

Date story recorded: October 1989

Date story went live: 11 March 2011